tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2657048040383669359.post5454661572440457192..comments2023-10-07T01:24:11.814-07:00Comments on tostaduria antigua: google bees cacao ecosystems https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&prmdo=1&sclient=psy-ab&q=sugar+cane+bees+cacao&oq=sugar+cane+bees+cacao&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...130l693l1l1072l2l2l0l0l0l0l117l232l0j2l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&biw=1271&bih=877&cad=cbv&sei=VKeLT-35CMOCtgey__EQ#hl=en&gl=us&prmdo=1&sclient=psy-ab&q=+bees+cacao+ecosystems&oq=+bees+cacao+ecosystems&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...8099l12322l0l12775l11l11l0l0l0l0l334l2118l0j8j1j2l11l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=bb242dc4ab43ba95&biw=1271&bih=877 Also before that link I will post this very interesting paragraph I came across from a study of cacao pollination by meliponine bee Liotrigona parvula Darchen,which would be a stngless bee!,in Africa.I have been interested in just how many stingless bees might exist in the so called Old World including Africa.This is new and exciting to me and if true it would show that at least one stingless bee can do the pollination of cacao generally believed done only by tiny flies or midges ! http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=8D1F87A9AD1AFA5B7A1C53FF2DC8EB40.journals?fromPage=online&aid=5981784 Research Paper Dynamics of cocoa pollination: tools and applications for surveying and monitoring cocoa pollinators E.A. Frimponga1 c1, I. Gordona2, P.K. Kwaponga1 and B. Gemmill-Herrena3 a1 Department of Entomology and Wildlife, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana a2 icipe – African Insect Science for Food and Health, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya a3 AGPS – FAO, Viale Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy Abstract Pollinators are important natural agents for fruit and seed formation in most tree crops and the use of appropriate sampling methods is fundamental in studying their population. A study to develop surveying and monitoring protocols for cocoa pollinators was undertaken in Ghana. Yellow, white and blue UV-bright painted pan traps (UVPPT), McPhail traps and motorized aspirators were used to sample pollinators of cocoa for 13 successive months, after 6 days assessment of the effectiveness of the traps and diurnal active period of the pollinators. The peak pollinating period of cocoa by ceratopogonid midges was between 07.00 and 12.00 h, as previously reported. All three methods were effective in sampling ceratopogonid midges with the UVPPT being the most efficient in terms of sampling effort. The number of ceratopogonid midges caught by the yellow-UVPPT was significantly higher than that by blue- and white-UVPPT. The diversity of midges caught could not be determined due to taxonomic difficulties, and thus all the three colours of UVPPT should be used until efficiency in terms of diversity is determined. It is reported here that the meliponine bee Liotrigona parvula Darchen visits cocoa flowers and thus their effectiveness in cocoa pollination should be investigated. .................................................. http://www.planbee.org.uk/portal/article.php?id=1819 ................................................... Liotrigona parvula Darchen stingless bee https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&prmdo=1&sclient=psy-ab&q=sugar+cane+bees+cacao&oq=sugar+cane+bees+cacao&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...130l693l1l1072l2l2l0l0l0l0l117l232l0j2l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&biw=1271&bih=877&cad=cbv&sei=VKeLT-35CMOCtgey__EQ#hl=en&gl=us&prmdo=1&sclient=psy-ab&q=+bees+cacao+ecosystems&oq=+bees+cacao+ecosystems&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...8099l12322l0l12775l11l11l0l0l0l0l334l2118l0j8j1j2l11l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=bb242dc4ab43ba95&biw=1271&bih=877 Pollen-collecting by stingless bees on cacao flowers Pollen-collecting by stingless bees on cacao flowers by A. M. Young Stingless bees (Trigona jaty) routinely visit the flowers ofTheobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae) in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. The bees collect pollen and behave as pollen thieves in flowers well exposed to direct sunlight in cacao plantations, and avoid flowers in heavy shade. Pollination rates are maximized, however, in heavy shade due to the high abundance of the small-bodied pollinating midges (Ceratopogonidae and Cecidomyiidae) found in such places. Pollen-thieving by stingless bees, therefore, may only impact on fruit set in cacao trees in direct sunlight, with only minimal to no impact in areas of cacao where natural pollinator activity is high. Key words Trigona jaty - pollination - cacao - sunlight - shade This research was funded by grants from The American Cocoa Research Institute of the United States of America. I thank T. Noeske for statistical assistance. Fulltext Preview Image of the first page of the fulltext document Journal of Chemical Ecology Volume 20, Number 10, 2687-2703, DOI: 10.1007/BF02036201 Comparative analysis of steam distilled floral oils of cacao cultivars (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae) and attraction of flying insects: Implications for aTheobroma pollination syndrome Allen M. Young and David W. Severson Download PDF (1.4 MB) Permissions & Reprints Related Issue Journal View Related Documents http://www.springerlink.com/content/t773gu0133132270/ Scroll upScroll down References (38) Cited By (4) Export Citation About Abstract Steam-distilled floral fragrance oils from nine distinctive cultivars ofTheobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) in Costa Rica were examined with GC-MS to determine whether or not major differences existed among these cultivars for volatile constituents comprising 50% or more of the samples. The cultivars selected for floral oil analyses were chosen to represent diverse cultivars having supposedly different genetic backgrounds and histories of artificial selection for agronomic purposes. Cluster analysis revealed two major groupings of cultivars: those with higher molecular weight dominant compounds, and those having lower molecular weight compounds. Additionally, one cultivar, Rim-100, selected from criollo or ancestral-type cacao in Mexico and resembling criollo in the appearance of flowers and fruits, formed an extreme group having the highest molecular weight profile for major volatile compounds. Based upon these analyses, bioassays using McPhail traps were performed in an abandoned cacao plantation in northeastern Costa Rica during rainy and dry seasons to determine the relative attraction of these oils to flying insects. Bioassays revealed that the Rim-100 cultivar attracted by far the greatest numbers of cacao-associated midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae and Cecidomyiidae), as well as stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae), suggesting that a floral fragrance having high-molecular-weight volatiles is more potent as an attractant to flying insects than floral oils having lower-molecular-weight compounds. It is suggested that Rim-100 more closely resembles an ancestral or wild-type cacao than the other cultivars examined, and therefore it is more effective in attracting opportunistic dipteran floral visitors and pollinators than other cultivars in plantation settings. Several of the major volatile compounds found in the floral oils ofT. cacao and other species ofTheobroma occur in mandibular and other exocrine glands in various bees, including stingless bees and halictids, known visitors ofTheobroma flowers. These compounds are particularly present in noncultivated species ofTheobroma and have much more noticeable fragrances than the seemingly scentless flowers of cultivatedT. cacao selected for agriculture. It is hypothesized that the floral attraction system of ancestral or wild (noncultivated)T. cacao and other species ofTheobroma may have evolved to attract certain bees as their principal pollinators in natural habitats in the Neotropics, with a floral reward hypothesized as being sociochemicals needed by bees for mating, foraging, territorial defense, etc. Because of the many generations of extensive selection by cloning for desired cultivars,T. cacao might have lost much of its original floral attraction system for bees, instead being pollinated opportunistically by dipterans in plantation habitats. This may help to explain why natural pollination in cultivatedT. cacao is generally very poor relative to observed levels of fruit-set in wild or noncultivated species ofTheobroma. Key words Floral oils - cacao - Theobroma cacao - Sterculiaceae - attraction - Diptera - Ceratopogonidae - Cecidomyiidae - Hymenoptera - Apidae - pollination - 1-pentadecene - n-pentadecene ....................................Tony Ryalshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13089802862843853459noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2657048040383669359.post-72081323384990698862021-04-27T00:40:38.358-07:002021-04-27T00:40:38.358-07:00Very nice bro, thanks for sharing this with us. Ke...Very nice bro, thanks for sharing this with us. Keep up the good work and Thank you for sharing information<br /><a href="https://ozarmour.co.uk/" rel="nofollow">beekeeping suits uk</a>Tyler Worganhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/00825341313136665941noreply@blogger.com